heres the topic:

The MMPI-2 is the most widely used objective tests used to measure psychopathology. How was it developed? What are some advantages of using a disorders-based objective personality measure, such as the MMPI-2? How could those advantages affect both diagnosis and treatment? What are some disadvantages? How could the disadvantages affect both diagnosis and treatment?

reply to these 2 students: Jason-

The MMPI-2 is a revision of the original MMPI, which was published in 1943 by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley. According to Pomerantz (2014), they sought an objective way to measure psychopathology. There were multiple other questionnaires that were available at the time, but they sought a test that would have a solid empirical foundation, which elicits different responses from people in normal and abnormal thinking. They achieved this through empirical criterion keying, which involves identifying distinct groups of people, and comparing their answers to recognize differences, and then include the items that received different responses from the different groups. If the groups answered the same, the item is discarded. Each group corresponded to different mental disorders, with one “normal” control group. Eventually the questions were narrowed down to 550 from more than 1000. The items were placed in 10 groups, each corresponding to a particular disorder, which represented a clinical scale. The higher the client scored on each scale, the more likely he or she demonstrated that form of psychopathology.

Disadvantages of this test include the length of the test, which require reading ability and prolonged attention, as well as the test being susceptible to faking by sophisticated clients who can outwit the validity scales. Additionally, the test focuses on their emphasis on the forms of psychopathology as the factors that make up personality, instead of emphasizing other aspects of personality, like normal traits or strengths.

The advantages of the MMPI-2 include its subjective nature, as well as the therapeutic intervention that is sharing the results with the patient. The test can be helpful in forming DSM5 diagnosis, and then treatment plans for the patient. As far as the test itself, it has built in features to detect when the test taker is dishonest, or exaggerating.

According to the results of the test, it may be deemed invalid. Potentially, for the patient that is able to outsmart the test itself, treatment could be given or withheld that is either not needed or needed, but undetectable. This is why this test should not be given exclusively to diagnose the individual, but instead as a part of many tests used in combination.

Rebecca:

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 is a list of 567 descriptive sentences that the taker must answer true of false too. It is the most used amongst psychologists and the most psychometrically sound objective personality test (Pomerantz, 2014). In the 1930’s, Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley created the first MMPI using empirical criterion keying. This uses empirical data instead of just assumptions. Like for depression, one would assume a depressed person is very pessimistic. The MMPI doesn’t just assume this, it uses empirical data to validate it. The MMPI was later revised into the MMPI-2 and later still, shorted into the MMPI-2 Restructured Form. There’s an adolescent version now called the MMPI-A for those under the age of 18.

Advantages being that the MMPI-2 is extremely reliable and valid, even after thousands of studies. Many clinical psychologists use this for forming diagnoses, treatment, and placement (Pomerantz, 2013). The MMPI-2 is objective and subject based. It might allow the person to be a little more open and thoughtful of their answers in combination with the clinical psychologist’s opinion. Disadvantages might include lengthiness and the ability to fake. Pomerantz (2013), describes the lengthiness issue for those who don’t have a long attention span (like the most of us). It’s also discussed that this requires people to be able to read. Those who get bored with the test might start not caring what they answer or start to trigger the validity scales which are in place to help weed out those who ‘fake good’ or ‘fake bad’, as Pomerantz (2013) described with Tammy, who didn’t want to face the charges she was up against and instead faked being more pathological than she was. This could greatly increase people getting mis-diagnosed and mis-treated for something they don’t actually have.

Candace

Mallory is a 25-year-old woman who called dr. Santos and described mild depressive symptoms. Dr. Santos started with open ended questions and after 10 minutes of Mallory explaining with her romantic life and her job she interrupted herself to apologized for boring Dr. Santos and wasting her time. Dr. Santos insisted she stay and that she was interested. Over the course on the interview, there were a total of four of these episodes. Dr. Santos made eye contact and continually expressed interest.

According to Pomerantz (2014), transference refers to the tendency to form a relationship where clients unconsciously and idealistically expect the psychologist to act like the important people within their lives and pasts. Transference is occurring in this scenario in two possible ways. In the first way her own fears and anxiety may be kicking in because Dr. Santos is interested in Mallory but due to Mallory thinking she is boring Dr. Santos she is saying she is even though she is not. Mallory is thinking she does not deserve help and that her issues are small, and she reflected that onto Dr. Santos without her saying it herself. The second reason is that she could have had someone Mallory looked up to or cared about told her what she was feeling was not important or how someone else has it worse so now Mallory feels like she has no place to bring up how messed up her life is.

Dr. Santos seemed to be truly interested and influenced my judgment because the whole time Mallory was talking she was listening. When Mallory tried to leave because she was boring Dr. Santos told her to sit down and to keep talking.

The five most common defense mechanisms are repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, and sublimation. Mallory seems to be doing all of these but one that stands out is the reaction formation when she tries to leave even though Dr. Santos is interested in her.

Pomerantz, A.M. (2013). Clinical Psychology: Science, Practice, and Culture, 3^rd Edition. [Purdue University Global Bookshelf]. Retrieved from https://purdueuniversityglobal.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781452285795/

Calyce:

Hello Professor and Classmates,

Based entirely on the interview of Dr.Santos and Mallory, the amount of interruptions made upon herself would say transference Is likely what is going on in Mallory’s expectations of Dr. Santos due to either her mother or father not listening in the past. Transference is when a client builds a relationship with a therapist as if it was someone important and can at times, be altered to prejudgment from what was pertain in the past.

Dr. Santos behavior during the entire session and throughout the four interruptions of Mallory upon herself are what influenced me in believing that Mallory‘s behavior was indeed transference. Throughout the interview and when Mallory stated “she is wasting the doctors time” Dr. Santos ensured her client she that she was there to listen and made appropriate gestures to ensure focus and attention towards Mallery during the interview.

Based off Mallory’s interview she could be transference from either her parents or even her career. However, Mallory is only 25 years old so her transference is likely from her parents and how they treated her behavior and emotions in the past.

The ultimate goal of a psychodynamic psychotherapist is to make the unconscious conscious and allow the client to become aware of their thoughts and feelings. An example of this is Dr. Santos reassurance toward Mallory of her unconscious thoughts that she indeed wants to hear her story and is encouraging her to continue. The Doctor will likely have Mallory write down or work on activities that allow her to become aware of her unconscious thoughts. If Dr. Santos was a humanistic psychotherapist her goal would be to bring Mallory from her ideal self back to her real self and continue her growth as a human. Likely the same approach as a psychodynamic therapist with sight changes.

There are several form of defensive mechanism repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, and sublimation. Based off Mallory’s reaction towards her self and her psychologist she could easily be facing a repression due to inability to recognize that she continues to interrupt herself throughout the interview no matter how many times Dr. Santos insures she is not bothered by her presents. Repression is when the ego repress the conscious awareness of impulses and Id/superego conflict (Pomerantz, 2014). While displacement may seem as if Mallory is going through such defensive mechanisms. Mallory is aware enough to recognize she is depressed and in search of help to feel better.

Calyce Perdue

Reference

Pomerantz, A. (2014). Clinical Psychology, 2nd Edition. Thousand

Assignment 2: Compensation Policies LASA (CO 1, 2)

Assume you are leading a team of consultants hired by MPBS to help develop their total compensation plan. MPBS wants to implement a compensation plan to support their business strategy. Your team has completed the preliminary review of the organization, including discussions with management, and compiled initial information about MPBS. That information is detailed in the team report.

MPBS views their mission statement as the driver behind the alignment of policies, purposes and objectives of all operating units in the entire organization. Your first task is to help the human resources department create a compensation mission statement as the first step in designing their compensation plan. You are to consider the various factors affecting mission statements and objectives and then:

• Recommend a specific compensation mission statement and the specific objectives of the MPBS compensation system that aligns the compensation plan to the company’s mission and strategy. Provide a rationale to support your mission statement and objectives.

Your second task is to overcome the past reluctance of top management at MPBS to have anyone put much effort into administrative detail. They have generally opted for a quick and easy approach to policy and practice. You should plan to educate the top management group regarding the need for more sophisticated and detailed approaches to compensation. To do so, you must include answers to the following questions that were posed by the new HR manager. Justify your responses using scholarly sources.

• What are the relevant markets that each of MPBS’s major occupational groups should be compared to?
• Should MPBS lead, match, or follow competitors? Why?
• How will decisions on external competitiveness help MPBS align compensation policies with mission and strategy?
• Why is it important and is it worth the effort and cost for MPBS to bother with specifying pay grades and pay ranges?
• If pay grades are used, is it better to have few or more grades?
• How should the ranges vary by job type and level?
• How much overlap should be built into the grade ranges?
• In what ways might the plan MPBS develops and the related compensation policies impact job performance?

To complete this assignment, write a 5–7 page report in Word format and provide rationale and scholarly support. Apply APA standards for writing style to your work.

Question 1. In a 2-3 page paper discuss how health and illness beliefs can influence the assessment process. You can use the Table on Traditional Health and Illness Beliefs in your textbook or any other evidence-based sources. Include how belief structure might impact how a client responds to an assessment interview and how culture might influence physical findings. Your assignment must have accurate spelling and grammar and use APA Editorial Format

Question 2. In this initial entry into your Nurse E-Portfolio for this course, you will be examining your perceptions of the nurse in the role of collecting and assessing information. Using the e-portfolio format, answer the following questions. Make sure you spend some time thinking about the answers to these questions before writing.

1. What experiences have you had interviewing people to gather information?
2. What communication skills do you have that will help you conduct interviews to gather information?
3. What communication skills do you have that may hinder your ability to gather information? What can you do to overcome these?