BIO 121 CSUGC Population Trends & Dynamics in Nigeria & South Korea Essay Writing Assignment Help

BIO 121 CSUGC Population Trends & Dynamics in Nigeria & South Korea Essay Writing Assignment Help. BIO 121 CSUGC Population Trends & Dynamics in Nigeria & South Korea Essay Writing Assignment Help.


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Option #1: Population Trends in Developed and Developing Nations

Developing countries tend to grow at a much faster rate than developed countries. Much effort has gone into reducing this growth rate, not always with much success. For this exercise, download the 2020 factsheet from the Population Reference Bureau (Links to an external site.). The population data tables begin on page 8 of the document. Locate the column labeled Rate of Natural Increase (%), which is the fourth from the left. Choose two nations from somewhere in these data tables: one with a rate of natural increase below 0.2% (a nation with little to no population growth, or possibly even population decline if the number is negative), and one with a rate of natural increase above 2% (a nation with rapid population growth). In your paper, consider the differences between the two nations. What might account for the dramatic discrepancy in their population growth rates? What might be the long-term impacts on the environment of continued rapid population growth in the developing nation? What policies or programs might that nation adopt to reduce population growth?

In your paper you should:

  • Provide basic demographic data on the two nations that you are comparing (current population, population growth rate in percent, net migration rate, and projected population by 2050).
  • Identify the major challenges facing the developing nation you selected by 2050 as a result of its continued rapid population growth.
  • Imagine that a population growth expert from the developed nation you have chosen visits the developing country you have selected. Based on the developed nation’s successful curbing of population growth, propose at least two policies or programs that the developing nation might implement to lower its growth rate.

Requirements:

  • Your written paper should be 3-4 pages, not counting the title and reference pages, which you must include.
  • Your paper should be in standard essay format, including an Introduction with thesis statement (central argument of paper), body, and conclusion (including restatement of the thesis).
  • You need to cite at least three sources for this assignment, outside of the textbook. The CSU Global Library (Links to an external site.) is a great place to find resources.
  • Your paper must be formatted according to the CSU Global Writing Center (Links to an external site.).

If you need assistance with your writing style, start with the links under the Research Help and Writing Help tabs on the CSU Global Library’s (Links to an external site.) homepage.

Option #2: Population Trends in Developed and Developing Nations

Developing countries tend to grow at a much faster rate than developed countries. Much effort has gone into reducing this growth rate, not always with much success. For this exercise, download the 2020 factsheet from the Population Reference Bureau (Links to an external site.). The population data tables begin on page 8 of the document. Locate the column labeled Rate of Natural Increase (%), which is the fourth from the left. Choose two nations from somewhere in these data tables: one with a rate of natural increase below 0.2% (a nation with little to no population growth, or possibly even population decline if the number is negative), and one with a rate of natural increase above 2% (a nation with rapid population growth). In your PowerPoint presentation, consider the differences between the two nations. What might account for the dramatic discrepancy in their population growth rates? What might be the long-term impacts on the environment of continued rapid population growth in the developing nation? What policies or programs might that nation adopt to reduce population growth?

In your PowerPoint presentation, you should:

  • Provide basic demographic data on the two nations that you are comparing (current population, population growth rate in percent, net migration rate, and projected population by 2050).
  • Identify the major challenges facing the developing nation you selected by 2050 as a result of its continued rapid population growth.
  • Imagine that a population growth expert from the developed nation you have chosen visits the developing country you have selected. Based on the developed nation’s successful curbing of population growth, propose at least two policies or programs that the developing nation might implement to lower its growth rate.

Requirements:

  • Your PowerPoint should be approximately 10-12 slides, not counting the title and reference slides, which you must include.
  • Slides should include appropriate visual elements, cited in your references.
  • Slides should include bullet points highlighting key ideas. Use speaker notes or a separate Word document for the details on each slide.
  • You need to cite at least three sources for this assignment, outside of the textbook. The CSU Global Library (Links to an external site.) is a great place to find resources.

If you need assistance with your presentation text writing style, start with the links under the Research Help and Writing Help tabs on the CSU Global Library’s (Links to an external site.) homepage.

BIO 121 CSUGC Population Trends & Dynamics in Nigeria & South Korea Essay Writing Assignment Help[supanova_question]

CSU Legal Environment of Business Business Morals & Copyright Infringement Discussion Business Finance Assignment Help

You will answer two (2) discussion board questions of your choice (All responses should be 75 words or more).

Discussion 1

Mark Ramun worked as a manager for Allied Erecting and Dismantling Co., where he had a tense
relationship with his father, who was Allied’s president. After more than ten years, Mark left Allied, taking
15,000 pages of Allied’s documents on DVDs and CDs, which constituted trade secrets. Later, he joined
Allied’s competitor, Genesis Equipment & Manufacturing, Inc. Genesis soon developed a piece of
equipment that incorporated elements of Allied equipment
. In 75 words or more, how might business
ethics have been violated in these circumstances? Discuss.

Discussion 2

Professor Wise is teaching a summer seminar in business torts at State University. Several times during
the course, he makes copies of relevant sections from business law texts and distributes them to his
students. Wise does not realize that the daughter of one of the textbook authors is a member of his
seminar. She tells her father about Wise’s copying activities, which have taken place without her father’s or
his publisher’s permission. Her father sues Wise for copyright infringement. Wise claims protection under
the fair use doctrine.
In 75 words or more, who will prevail? Explain.

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Rio Salado Community College Clinical Research Monitoring Discussion Health Medical Assignment Help

Compare the similarities and differences of site-based (including risk based monitoring) and central monitoring plans and analytics used in clinical trials.

Direction on Paper: In 500 words or less reflect on and address the following three points:

Required: The role of monitoring in ensuring accurate and complete data for the approval of investigational medical products. (25 points)

(incorporate Subcategory Option 1, 2, or 3 (only one is necessary) about centralized monitoring into your paper

= Option 1 of 3: incorporate here how central monitoring (and analytics) may have impacted monitoring

Required: Monitoring studies in contrast to audits and inspections. (25 points)

= Option 2 of 3: incorporate how central monitoring/analytics compares/contrasts to audit and inspections

Required: Monitoring to ensure site compliance with applicable regulations and GCPs. (25 points)

=Option 3 of 3: how does centralized monitoring and analytics help with these items

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West Chester University Plan of the Conservation Voters of South Carolina Discussion Business Finance Assignment Help

CVSC – WORK PLAN EXERCISE

Logistics about this Exercise: Please complete the below exercise by emailing a document with your answer to the below Exercise with SPD Work Plan Exercise in the subject line. The document can be a maximum of 3 pages.

In addition, please note that this is a real-world effort. The background and exercise below provide information on the current ‘lay of the land’ for one of CVSC’s projects (i.e. this is not a hypothetical exercise). The responses provided will not be used by CVSC unless 1) an applicant is selected for the position; or 2) CVSC obtains express permission from the creator of an idea to incorporate that idea or elements of a proposal into a work plan.

Background: CVSC has been working over the last 9 months to build a collaborative effort focused on preventing energy shutoffs during the pandemic. As a result of this work, we’ve been able to slowly build relationships with partners working at the intersection of poverty and other social issues. We’ve noticed that energy issues and energy bills is just one of many places where poverty and other issues intersect with environmental issues.

CVSC polled South Carolina voters in late 2020 on the intersection of energy bills and economic conditions caused by the pandemic. In 2021, CVSCEF shared the polling results with existing Connected in Crisis (CinC) partners and called on them to encourage ratepayers to contact the Public Service Commission (through a ratepayer letter) and ask for an extension of moratoriums on utility disconnects.

We are also using the polling results in introductory conversations about the campaign with additional partners. Through this work, CVSC is building relationships with a more racially and economically diverse set of organizations that work on a broad array of issues intersecting with the environment, income, and poverty.

As part of this early 2021 outreach, we highlighted that PSC-focused efforts are the beginning of a broader working group focused on energy justice and energy poverty, intended to look at long-term strategies and opportunities for collaboration and coordination.

The Exercise: please outline how you would take these early efforts to the ‘next phase’ that would lead to stronger working relationships with the CinC partners and other likely allies in this work.

Ultimately, CVSC’s policy/advocacy goal is to develop a broadly supported action-plan to advance near-term and long-term solutions (policies and/or programs) to energy poverty and reduce energy burden. We’d then work with lawmakers to introduce and advance all of or pieces of this action plan as appropriate. Keep in mind the southern politic of South Carolina.

Consider the following questions

  • Who will you engage with in this effort? How would you approach them?
  • How would you structure the discussions/meetings with individuals or groups?
  • What will your conversations explore and focus on?
  • How would you define short-term and long-term goals and determine success (both internally and externally)?
  • What resources would you need for this effort (financial, technical, other)?
  • How could CVSC staff and board and other partners be of assistance?
  • How can CVSC’s existing conservation allies be of assistance?
  • What is the timeline for your efforts? (3 year position)

Overall, please outline how you will move the loose coalition of groups on the CVSC-led Connected in Crisis campaign to a consensus-based effort where multiple groups work collaboratively to address a broad-array of intersectional poverty issues. As part of this workplan, please outline how you would work with this group to develop the energy poverty action plan referenced above and how you’d develop support for the plan with partners.

You do NOT need to outline how to take the action plan and turn it into legislative proposals or how to advance legislation. Simply focus on working with partners to develop the policies or program ideas.

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WMBA 6000 Walden University Leaders and Followers Report Business Finance Assignment Help

An effective platoon leader in the military may have years of training and experience, but if her soldiers do not trust her or follow her commands effectively, a critical mission can be easily compromised. A successful coach of a sports team may improve the overall performance of his team, but without talented and committed players, championships can be hard to come by. In business, the leader often receives praise for success, even though the other members of a group or organization—the followers—are likely more important to achieving that success. What are the qualities of those followers who contribute to the success of an organization?

This week you are also reading in Passion & Purpose: Stories From the Best and Brightest Young Business Leaders about the complexities and speed of change and how Leaders must rely on not only their teams, but an even wide circle.

A lot of leadership studies talk about leadership as a matter of concentric circles. The inner circle is the individual; the first circle out is the people in that leader’s organization or the team. Most of our earlier studies focused on those two circles. Now we concentrate on a third circle as well, and that is working outside your team, with leaders of other teams, and with other organizations. You increasingly have to learn how to align yourself with others in order to tackle the major problems (Coleman, Gulati, & Segovia, 2012, p. 49).

Think about what this means when it comes to the value leaders can draw from followers. What are the implications to the leader? What are the responsibilities of the follower in this age where the complexities of leadership and pace of change are ever increasing?

To prepare for the discussion this week, first read the articles on followership by Cox, Plagens, and Sylla (2010), Johnson (2011), and Kelley (1988) in this week’s Learning Resources. Then, read Lipman-Blumen’s (2005) article on toxic leadership. As you read these resources, reflect on leaders you have observed, both those that you admire and those that you do not admire. Consider how the followers these leaders can empower and influence leadership in their organization.

Based on your analysis of the Qualities of Leaders from Week 1 this week’s readings, as well as your own experience and observations, post in the Week 2 Discussion Forum the following:

  • Your analysis of how followers can influence the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of leaders Hint: Your analysis should consider how the “followers” empower or enable the leader’s behaviors (for good or bad).
  • Your analysis of how followers can effectively work with a leader with a style that is not consistent with what they desire or a leader they do not admire, which is the more difficult scenario!
  • Your recommendations for how leaders can better empower and support followers to ensure that they can meet goal

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HRMG 3001 Walden University Week 3 Talent Management of the Human Resources PPT Business Finance Assignment Help

I’m working on a management presentation and need a sample draft to help me understand better.

Note: This Assignment consists of three parts. You will complete and submit only Part 1 for this Assignment. Part 2 is due in Week 4 and Part 3 is due in Week 5.

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You are an HR analyst for XYZ Corporation, and you have been tasked with the assignment of helping a company through a period of organizational change. Your client, Thoreau Enterprises, recently acquired several other companies in its industry. The organization has gone from being a $1 billion entity to a $15 billion entity as a result of these acquisitions. Though Thoreau Enterprises purchased the others, it was actually the smallest entity of the entire grouping. After meeting with Thoreau Enterprises’ company leadership, your Director, Jacob Wickham, has compiled notes on three main areas that need to be addressed: talent management needs, compensation, and the role of HR to lead change for the new organization. Following is a list of specific concerns that Jacob noted during the initial meeting:

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  • There are a number of “legacy” employees whose roles in the new organization have changed drastically as a result of the acquisitions. Many employees are unclear whether their jobs are going to be considered redundant or if they are “safe” in the new organizational structure. Rumors are spreading that everyone’s jobs are up for grabs, employees will have to re-interview to keep their jobs, and the severance packages for anyone laid off may not be as great as people are hoping for. Morale is low in this period of uncertainty.
  • HR leaders are aware of the need to hire to fill certain functions, and it has come to light that job descriptions do not exist for all levels in the organization.
  • In the past, employees were typically hired because they were referred by existing staff. Therefore, contemporary recruiting and hiring methods have not been utilized at Thoreau Enterprises.
  • Compensation strategies need to be aligned across the new organization.
  • With the merger of so many companies, no cohesive corporate culture has been established, and there are major employee morale issues, as stated above. In fact, the leaders of the new Thoreau Enterprises are unsure of what their company culture should be and need guidance for how HR can help them to establish this and lead them through this period of uncertainty and change.

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Your director, Jacob Wickham, has asked you to put together a presentation on talent management, compensation, and the role of HR in helping to manage organizational change. After speaking with the client, Jacob has compiled a list of items that he wants you to cover in this presentation, which should include a title slide, References slide, and speaker notes for each slide that Jacob can use to present your points to the leaders of Thoreau Enterprises.

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To prepare for this Assignment:

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  • Review this week’s Learning Resources
  • Read the scenario for this Assignment.

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Submit Part 1 of your presentation, according to the following prompts.

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Part 1: Talent Needs (11–17 slides)

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  • Explain the importance of job analyses and job descriptions to an organization. In your explanation, describe the components of (or steps to develop) an accurate, appropriate job description. (2–3 slides)
  • Explain the importance of gap and needs analyses to the hiring process. Provide at least one specific example of their application in an organization. (2–3 slides)
  • Choose at least one talent acquisition tool, method, or strategy that Thoreau Enterprises can incorporate, and provide a rationale for your selection. (1–2 slides)
  • Choose at least one talent development tool, method, or strategy that Thoreau Enterprises can incorporate, and provide a rationale for your selection. (1–2 slides)
  • Choose at least one retention tool, method, or strategy that Thoreau Enterprises can incorporate to retain employees and reduce turnover. Provide a rationale for your selection, including the benefits and potential risks to the organization. (3–4 slides)
  • What particular costs associated with employee turnover should Thoreau Enterprises’ leadership consider when making decisions related to retention? Be sure to include financial and nonfinancial “costs” to the organization in your response. (2–3 slides)

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Note: Your presentation should adhere to the template provided. It should consist of 11–17 slides, not including a title slide and References slide that includes properly formatted citations for a minimum of two scholarly sources to support the information you presented. You should also include detailed speaker notes to be used as a script for delivering the presentation. Use the Week 3 Assignment Template, provided in this week’s Learning Resources, to complete this Assignment.

HRMG 3001 Walden University Week 3 Talent Management of the Human Resources PPT Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question]

San Diego State University Environment Conservation Discussion Writing Assignment Help

I’m working on a biology discussion question and need an explanation to help me study.

1) Don’t use any quoted material in your assignments. Describe the articles contents in your own words

2) Please follow the formatting instructions EXACTLY AS WRITTEN. Single space, Times New Roman, 12pt, follow the 3 paragraph format, include the hyperlink to the article and list the news source

3) Only use a mainstream media outlet as the source. This is any news source or outlet that reports on GENERAL or MAINSTREAM news. This means do not use: National Geographic, Sierra Club newsletters, ScienceDaily, any type of blog. You can use ANY NEWS SOURCE – big names are fine – BBC, San Diego Tribune, LA Times, Fox News, CBC/NBC/ABC, but I read some from small or less commonly used sources like The Morning Call (from Pennsylvania), Deutche Welle (Germany), and another local news source from Michigan. Love it!

4) Try to pick a very current article (but anything within the last 6 months is ok).

5) follow the example rubric below

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FINC 330 UMB DuPont 2018 to 2020 & 3m Co 2020 Financial Analysis Ratios Worksheet Business Finance Assignment Help

I’m working on a accounting discussion question and need a sample draft to help me learn.

ROE and DuPont analysis

Step 1: Read the articles. These articles contain examples of using DuPont formula to analyze ROE. You will be using these example to answer the questions listed at the bottom of the topic description.

  1. How Did Deltic Timber Corporation’s (DEL) 3.41% ROE Fare Against The Industry? – By Liz Campbell

Simply Wall St. October 5, 2017

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/did-deltic-timber-corporation-del-113618019.html

2) With A Recent ROE Of 3.33%, Can Glen Burnie Bancorp (GLBZ) Catch Up To Its Industry?- By Brent Freeman

Simply Wall St. October 5, 2017

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/recent-roe-3-33-glen-195619168.html

3) What You Must Know About Continental Materials Corporation’s (CUO) Return on Equity- By Bernadette Hatcher

Simply Wall St. October 5, 2017

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/must-know-continental-materials-corporation-180614863.html

Step 2: Answer all discussion questions.

You must use the company assigned for you for the project and one of its peer competitor.

For this discussion you will get financial information using www.morningstar.comwebsite.

Please long in www.morningstar.com

Type the stock symbol in the search window. This is the window just below the title MORNINGSTAR on the top of the screen.

Once you have your company page, click on Key Ratios.

Click on Full Key Ratios Data .

ROE and it’s components for DuPont formula can be found under Profitability. Debt/equity ratio can be found under Key Ratios – Financial Health.

To get the list of competitors now you need to click on Analysis – and click on Competitors.

Your assignment:

Please also note that your answers should be written in your own words. Don’t use quotes from the articles.

You are expected to make your own contribution in a main topic as well as respond with value added comments to at least two of your classmates as well as to your instructor.

In your initial response to the topic you have to answer all questions.

  1. Find ROE, Net profit margin (listed as net margin), asset turnover, financial leverage for the last three years for your company. You also may use debt/equity ratio in your analysis.
  2. Find ROE, Net profit margin (listed as net margin), asset turnover, financial leverage for the last year for its major peer competitor. You also may use debt/equity ratio of peer competitor in your analysis.
  3. Has the company’s ROE changed over the last three years? What was the main factor that influenced this change?
  4. Compare the ratios of you company to the peer competitor. If the management of the company would like to improve their return on equity, what should the management of the company do?
  5. Reflection – the students also should include a paragraph in the initial response in their own words reflecting on specifically what they learned from the assignment and how they think they could apply what they learned in the workplace.

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Florida National University Diagnostic Approach to Iron Deficiency Discussion Health Medical Assignment Help

The specific goal of treating M.W is to increase the hemoglobin level that works best for him. Another goal is to increase the oxygen level that his blood carries. Another goal of treating M.W is to treat the underlying causes of anemia. The underlying causes of anemia include a shortage of iron in the body; this can be prevented by taking iron tablets. Secondly, the bone marrow needs to make iron, and without iron, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin for the red blood cells.

Question 2

The drug therapy I would prescribe includes the treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin called epoetin alpha. The starting dose of epoetin is 50 to 100 units /kg. It is given subcutaneously three times a week for hemoglobin < 10g/dl until the hemoglobin target of 11.0 to 12.0g/dl is reached (Siddappa et al., 2020). I recommend this drug therapy because it promotes the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It helps in producing red blood cells that aids in carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Erythropoietin is injected into the body to induce the production of red blood cells. The bone marrow is stimulated to produce red blood cells. Drug therapy is essential because it aids in the production of enough oxygen for the body.

Question 3

The parameters for monitoring the therapy’s success include taking a blood test whereby the red blood cells count is taken. The patient should maintain a high level of iron that can improve effective erythropoiesis. The target range of hemoglobin can show the effectiveness of the therapy. It is essential to acquire the life of the patient.

Question 4

The patient should understand that too much use of erythropoietin could result in severe contraindications; taking a single extra dose could promote a lot of concern. An overdose of the drug could result in adverse side effects. These adverse effects could include arthralgia, bronchospasm, cough, dizziness, heart failure, hypertension, and angioedema. Patients must ensure that they visit the doctor for a blood test and to check their blood pressure. Patients should know that the dose given depends on the oxygen level of the patient. The patient must implement strategies that ensure that his hemoglobin level is between 10.5-11.5g/dl. The patient should know that the dozing could change depending on the level of hemoglobin.

Other adverse effects that the patient should understand include headache, fever, hypokalemia, infection, myalgia, thrombosis, seizures, vomiting, cerebrovascular events, cardiovascular events, and urticarial (Salamin et al., 2018). The patients should also learn that he should not use Epogen when experiencing uncontrolled blood pressure.

Question 5

Erythropoietin could result in increased blood pressure; this could force the doctor to change to another therapy. If blood pressure is worsened, the doctor could change the therapy. An increase in blood pressure results from an increasing number of red blood cells. Another therapy could be preferred to help lower blood pressure. The drug therapy could also result in irritation and pain on the injection site. If drug therapy is used for too long, the body could start making antibodies that fight against it; thus, its use must be stopped. At some point, allergic reactions could occur due to the medication.

Question 6

The over-the-counter medications that M.W can use include ferrous sulfate that aids in treating patients with iron deficiency. The drug can be used for a period of 2 months after the correction of anemia. Another medication could be iron supplements such as iron tablets that help maintain a high level of iron in the body. Iron supplements can be taken for several months to ensure a constant level of iron in the body.

Vitamin B-12 or folate is an over-the-counter medication for anemia. The use of vitamins helps the body to increase the production of red blood cells. M.W must take these supplements for a longer period of time to promote enough production or red blood cells to facilitate oxygen distribution in the body. The supplements also have their side effects; thus, they can cause dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. All these drugs are cheap and can help to maintain a high blood cell. The transfusion is essential to increase hemoglobin in the body.

Question 7

The dietary changes recommended for M.W include eating a healthy diet that is made of green-dark vegetables, nuts and seeds, seafood, meat, and beans can also be recommended for M.W. apart from that, vitamin C rich fruits and vegetables are also recommended for M.W (Elstrott et al., 2020). iron-fortified dresses, bread, and pasta should be taken by M.W. Lean red meat is the best source of an easily absorbed iron. Chicken and fish are good sources of heme iron.

The lifestyle changes recommended for M.W include weight loss. M.W should devote enough time to exercise and eat healthy food with few calories. He should also take a low sodium diet. Weight loss could reduce the risk of hypertension and other heart diseases. He can begin by walking or running to keep the body active and eliminate a few pounds. A low-phosphate diet is also recommended for M.W. He should always be active to ensure effective metabolism that could prevent fat accumulation in the body.

References

Elstrott, B., Khan, L., Olson, S., Raghunathan, V., DeLoughery, T., & Shatzel, J. J. (2020). The role of iron repletion in adult iron deficiency anemia and other diseases. European journal of haematology, 104(3), 153-161.

Salamin, O., Kuuranne, T., Saugy, M., & Leuenberger, N. (2018). Erythropoietin as a performance-enhancing drug: its mechanistic basis, detection, and potential adverse effects. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 464, 75-87.

Siddappa, A. M., Olson, R. M., Spector, M., Northrop, E., Zamora, T., Brearley, A. M., … & Rao, R. (2020). High prevalence of iron deficiency despite standardized high-dose iron supplementation during recombinant erythropoietin therapy in extremely low gestational age newborns. The Journal of Pediatrics, 222, 98-105.

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Santa Monica College Doubleness in A Midsummer Nights Dream Discussion Humanities Assignment Help

I’m working on a english question and need a sample draft to help me study.

Goal

  • Opinion/Assertion

Post

  • Read the criticism in this module [below], entitled, “Dream, Illusion, and Doubling in A Midsummer Night’s Dream” and share your ideas about the criticism in a discussion post (you MUST quote the passage). The post is meant to be a response specifically to THIS CRITICISM. So write at least three full paragraphs [or more if you wish] on this criticism [in relation to the play] for the full 20 points.

Grading

  • Click on the rubric to see how the discussion will be graded.

Dream, illusion and doubling in A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Attribution:

Having one actor play more than role was convenient for Shakespeare, whose acting company was limited in size, but doubling also enabled him to intensify the atmosphere of his plays, and to make connections and contrasts between scenes and storylines. Emma Smith explores the way that the doubling in A Midsummer Night’s Dream heightens the play’s dreamlike and fantastical elements.

Shakespeare’s acting company, the Chamberlain’s Men, employed a regular troupe of around 12 men and four boys. But Shakespeare’s plays typically involve up to twice as many characters. The construction of his plays makes evident that he was always conscious of the solution: doubling, the practice by which a single actor could take on more than one role in the play. At its simplest, all this requires is that the doubled characters do not appear in the same scene, and that there is time between one character’s exit and the actor’s next entrance for any necessary costume changes. However, doubling was not simply a practical necessity, but a representational technique that could also make connections and contrasts between distinct characters or worlds.

The interpretative implications of actors doubling have their most interesting exploration in A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Links to an external site.). It seems likely that the Athenian court of Theseus and Hippolyta would have been doubled in the fairy world of Oberon and Titania, and that the master of the revels Philostrate might well have reappeared in the woods as his mischievous alter ego Puck or Robin Goodfellow. (Peter Brook’s landmark production at Stratford in 1970 revived these doublings for the modern theatre.) Perhaps even the fairies Peaseblossom, Cobweb and their fellows are doubled with a similar sized group who operate in a distinct part of the play: those ‘rude mechanicals’ who are rehearsing ‘Pyramus and Thisbe’. Everyone, it seems, in Dream is always someone else as well.

Photograph of Alan Howard and John Kane in Peter Brook’s production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Photograph of Alan Howard and John Kane in Peter Brook's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream

Peter Brook’s 1970 production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream dazzled audiences with a ground-breaking new interpretation. The result, in the words of one critic, was ‘a box of theatrical miracles’.

View images from this item (1) (Links to an external site.)

Usage terms © Donald Cooper / Photostage
www.photostage.co.uk (Links to an external site.)

The Merry conceited Humors of Bottom the Weaver, 1661

The Merry conceited Humors of Bottom the Weaver, 1661

A list of Dream characters showing the doubling of parts.

View images from this item (13) (Links to an external site.)

Usage terms Public Domain (Links to an external site.)

Dreams, sex, and reality

Doubling these characters opens up a number of suggestive readings of the text, many of which chime with more modern ideas about the work of dreams. Freud wrote in his The Interpretation of Dreams that in a dream ‘one person can be substituted for another’: perhaps the fairy world is the unconscious of Athens, where the repressed anger of Theseus’s domination over his captured Amazonian bride breaks out into the quarrel between Oberon and Titania, and where the stifling patriarchy represented by Egeus’s ultimatum of obedience or the convent is swept aside for the thrilling dangers of sexual freedom. In the topsy-turvy dreamscape of the woods, lovers swap allegiances and the fairy queen couples with a donkey-man: the dark side of romantic desire is revealed to be disturbingly carnal. Bottom recalls his erotic encounter with Titania in her bower as ‘a dream, past the wit of man, to say, what dream it was’ (4.1.205–06). Awaking from a dream that is more akin to a nightmare, Hermia ‘quake[s] with fear’ to recall a distinctly phallic snake that ‘eat my heart away’ (2.2.148–49). The action of the play, framed in the opening scene as the frustrating infill before the marriage night of Theseus and Hippolyta, reveals that sexual desire is troublingly anarchic and urgent – threatening the play’s own generic movement towards romantic comedy ending in multiple marriages.

Photograph of Vivien Leigh as Titania from A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 1937

Photograph of Vivien Leigh as Titania from A Midsummer Night's Dream

Vivien Leigh starring as Titania in A Midsummer Night’s Dream in 1937.

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Usage terms Courtesy of the Mander and Mitchenson collection at the University of Bristol and ArenaPAL www.arenapal.com (Links to an external site.)

Boydell’s Collection of Prints illustrating Shakespeare’s works

Boydell's Collection of Prints illustrating Shakespeare's works

Titania’s awakening. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act 4, Scene 1 by Henry Fuseli.

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Victorian illustrated editions of Shakespeare’s plays neutralised the erotic charge of this play, rewriting it to make its fairies dainty creatures from the nursery and establishing A Midsummer Night’s Dream as a play particularly suitable for children. They couldn’t have been more wrong. Shakespeare makes his love-potion derive from a flower transformed by Cupid’s arrow into the distinctly suggestive ‘before milk-white, now purple with love’s wound’ (2.1.167). An illustration of Robin Goodfellow from the 1620s shows a hairy-legged satyr sporting an impressive phallus: to be puckish in the early modern period was thus to be involved in sexual, rather than innocent, forms of mischief. The Polish director and critic Jan Kott saw A Midsummer Night’s Dream as ‘the most erotic of Shakespeare’s plays’, but he saw this as a dark force: ‘in no other comedy or tragedy of his, except Troilus and Cressida, is the eroticism expressed so brutally …The lovers are exchangeable. The partner is now nameless and faceless. He or she just happens to be the nearest’. The love-tragedy performed at the end of the play for the marriage celebrations, ‘Pyramus and Thisbe’ is often hilarious on stage, but it, too, offers a kind of structural or generic double. The tragic outcome for these performed lovers hints at the darker associations of sex and death, the unacknowledged or suppressed dream unconscious of romantic comedy.

Robin Goodfellow, His Mad Pranks and Merry Jests, 1639

Robin Goodfellow, His Mad Pranks and Merry Jests, 1639

The folkloric figure Robin Goodfellow depicted with horns, goat legs and a phallus.

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Double-vision

Reviewing their adventures in the woods, Hermia reflects that ‘Methinks I see these things with parted eye, / When everything seems double’ (4.1.188–89). Everything does indeed seem double in a plot marked by duplications rather than by distinctiveness. By mistakenly applying a love-potion to the eyes of the male Athenians, Robin Goodfellow confuses the play’s couples, making both Lysander and Demetrius turn their attentions from Hermia to Helena. The strong suggestion here is that the lovers are interchangeable: the convention of ‘love at first sight’ is being satirised. Demetrius has turned from Helena to Hermia back to Helena again (perhaps still under magical influence); Lysander turns from Hermia to Helena back to Hermia. These confusions, however, merely amplify the play’s apparent disinclination properly to distinguish between the two men or to establish them as significantly different characters. Hermia is willing to enter a convent rather than marry her father’s choice, Demetrius, but the play does nothing to indicate why she should so strongly prefer Lysander. Even Hermia herself is able only to claim that Lysander is just as good as Demetrius. ‘Demetrius is a worthy gentleman’, Theseus admonishes. ‘So is Lysander’, she replies (1.1.152–53).

Poisons, sleep-inducing plants and love potions in Gerard’s Herball

Poisons, sleep-inducing plants and love potions in Gerard’s Herbal

A lust-causing plant in a 16th-century herbal.

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The fact of actors playing dual roles makes doubleness part of the imaginative technology of the play in performance; the apparent swappability of the lovers introduces doubleness as one of its thematic challenges to romantic comedy. At the micro-level, the language of the play is also preoccupied with the same structural ideas. Over half the lines in A Midsummer Night’s Dream are rhyming (across Shakespeare’s plays only Love’s Labour’s Lost has a higher proportion). This high proportion of rhyme goes along with repetitive rhetorical structures such as parallelism (repeating the same grammar, rhythm or construction), and a more specific rhetorical device, isocolon (repeating syntactic structures of the same length). In this example from the play’s first scene, we see parallelism, isocolon and rhyme working together to emphasise the mirroring or doubling of the two female characters:

HERMIA I frown upon him, yet he loves me still.
HELENA O that your frowns would teach my smiles such skill!
HERMIA I give him curses, yet he gives me love
HELENA O that my prayers could such affection move
HERMIA The more I hate, the more he follows me.
HELENA The more I love, the more he hateth me. (1.1.194–99)

Just as Freud later identified the dreamworld as place ‘where ideas can be linked by verbal similarities’, so these rhyming and parallel lines are a good example of the way in which Shakespeare’s sentence- or speech-level construction often echoes in miniature the wider concerns of his plays.

Medieval dreambook: Somnia Danielis

Medieval dreambook: Somnia Danielis

A guidebook for interpreting dreams, showing the relevant entry for Hermia’s dream of a snake.

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Waking and Dreaming

In A Midsummer Night’s Dream almost every character falls asleep at some point, thus rasing the possibility that what happens afterwards is their dream rather than reality. In the sequence of awaking at the end of Act 4, where Titania, the lovers and then Bottom are all roused from sleep, Demetrius wonders about the distinction between sleeping and waking: ‘Are you sure / That we are awake? It seems to me / That yet we sleep, we dream.’ (4.1.192–93) Bottom boasts that the heroic version of his own exploits will be called ‘Bottom’s Dream’. And in the epilogue which ends the play, Robin Goodfellow suggests that the real sleepers were the audience:

If we shadows have offended,
Think but this and all is mended:
That you have but slumbered here
While these visions did appear.
And this weak and idle theme,
No more yielding but a dream. (5.1.423–28)

The whole play, Robin suggests, is our dream – like modern Hollywood, the early modern theatre is a kind of dream factory, providing theatregoers with an escapist fantasy from which they only reluctantly awake to return to their humdrum lives.

Dream theory: illuminated manuscript of Macrobius’s Commentary on The Dream of Scipio

Dream theory: illuminated manuscript of Macrobius’s Commentary on The Dream of Scipio

This influential classical treatise considers the relation between dreams and reality.

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Photograph of A Midsummer Night’s Dream directed by Peter Brook, 1970

Photograph of A Midsummer Night's Dream directed by Peter Brook, 1970

Peter Brook’s 1970 production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

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For modern viewers brought up on Freudian ideas about dreams, A Midsummer Night’s Dream’s repeated games with doubleness and illusion seem strikingly contemporary. But the Elizabethans had their own book entitled The Interpretation of Dreams, published in 1576 by Thomas Hill. Early modern dreams tended to be understood as premonitions, but at least one contemporary saw them as processing the psychic overload of waking life: dreams were, for Thomas Nashe, ‘nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy, which the day hath left undigested; or an after-feast made of the fragments of idle imaginations’. In terms reminiscent of the play, he identifies the dream as ‘moonshine on a wall’: unremarkable elements transformed by imagination – just like the theatre itself. The theatre is to reality what the dream is to waking: what’s so striking about A Midsummer Night’s Dream is the way it dissolves both these boundaries.

The Terrors of the Night by Thomas Nash, 1594

The Terrors of the Night by Thomas Nash, 1594

Nashe’s sceptical dismissal of dreams and fairies as ‘fragments of idle imaginations’.

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  • Written by Emma Smith (Links to an external site.)
  • Emma Smith is Professor of Shakespeare Studies at Hertford College Oxford. She has published on many aspects of Shakespeare and his contemporaries in historical, bibliographic and performance contexts. Her books include The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeare and Shakespeare’s First Folio: Four Centuries of an Iconic Book. Her podcast lectures, ‘Approaching Shakespeare’ can be downloaded from University of Oxford podcasts (Links to an external site.) or iTunesU.

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