I’m working on a history multi-part question and need guidance to help me study.

This exam will count 30% (0-30 pts.) toward the final grade for the course. You will write two essays, 3 pages each using a 12-point font and 1-inch margins. A good exam essay is not just a smorgasbord of random thoughts. It is well organized, thoughtful, and well written. Mostly, a good essay is to the point. Make sure that you understand what the question is asking and that your essay deals directly and comprehensively with it.

Essays will be evaluated on the basis of their mastery of all course materials. Mastery is demonstrated by command of historical development, use of historical detail and evidence, and logical organization. I strongly urge you to use only the lectures, D2L readings, and the textbook when studying. Citations are required.

I strongly encourage students to submit early drafts to me in advance of the due date. I am more than happy to edit your writing and suggest changes to your organization, argument, and/or use of sources.

Pointers on content

I am asking you to present your own understanding of these topics. No matter what kind of detail you mention (or quote), be certain to explain how this material serves to reinforce the broader point you are trying to make. If your paper is just than a string of quotes or examples, you have not addressed the question effectively. Ultimately, it is the strength of your analysis that matters most in determining the merit of your written exercises. Write in such a way that a person not already familiar with the material would understand what you mean. By doing this, you will show that you understand what you are talking about.

Resist the temptation to fill the papers with anecdotes from your own life. These are not blog entries or personal reflection papers. I am asking you to make informed judgments based on your understanding of the historical evidence. The goal here is to encourage you to write in a way that puts argument and evidence front and center. Also: do not write in first person.

Submission

You will be submitting your papers electronically via “TurnItIn,” a D2L function. Please submit your writing in Microsoft Word format, so that you can get direct feedback with Word’s comment function. You do not need to include a cover sheet. Just be sure to have the name and date on your paper, preferably at the top of the first page.

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Exam Questions

Part 1: Essay Question (10pts) (Minimum 3 pages using a 12-point font and 1-inch margins)

In 1938, John Murray Gibbon asserted his disapproval of the American “melting-pot” concept. He saw the melting pot as a process by which immigrants and their descendants were encouraged to sever ties with their countries and cultures of origin to assimilate into the American way of life. Instead, he championed the idea of a “mosaic,” in which each cultural group retained a distinct identity and still contributed to the nation as a whole.

Utilizing at least three immigrant groups covered in modules 2 and 3, craft an essay in which you agree/ disagree with Gibbon concerning your chosen groups. Be sure to address the “melting pot vs mosaic” debate throughout your paper and be as specific as possible when discussing each group.

Part 2: Primary Source Analysis (20pts) (Minimum 3 pages using a 12-point font and 1-inch margins)

Below you will find two primary sources centering on the immigrant experience in the 18th and 19th centuries. The first source is a letter penned in April 1711 by Christen Janzen, a German immigrant to Carolina, to his brother in Germany. The second is by John Doyle, an Irish immigrant writing home to Ireland in 1818. After reading through both sources, write a paper in which you contrast both Janzen and Doyle’s experiences. Keep in mind that the sources are based in two different time periods by immigrants from two different countries of origins. Use the following questions to guide your critical thinking:

• Think about the purpose of the source. What was the author’s message or argument?
• What was he/she trying to get across? Is the message explicit, or are there implicitmessages as well?
• Why are these letters being sent? What commonalities/ differences exist in thesemotivations?
• What do you know about the author? Race, sex, class, occupation, religion, age, region,political beliefs? Does any of this matter? How?
• Who constituted the intended audience? Was this source meant for one person’s eyes, orfor the public? How does that affect the source?
• Compare the tone of both letters. Are there positive/ negatives overtones?
• The dates of these letters are critical in evaluating their importance. What historicalcontext can be used to decipher these letters? In other words, what was happening inAmerica and Germany/ Ireland during the dates the letters were written?
• Are there push/ pull factors detailed in these letters?
• What was life like for these immigrants? What were their jobs, dreams, and ambitions?
• Does religion play a factor in these letters?
• Does it tell you about the beliefs/actions of the elite, or of “ordinary” people? Fromwhose perspective?

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(Primary Source 1)

A German Immigrant Writes to Home

A letter written in April 1711 by Christen Janzen, a German immigrant to Carolina, to his brother in Germany. In this letter he recounts his journey to Carolina, and his life since arrival and settlement in New Bern. He encourages others to make the journey and also details items that will prove advantageous to the journey or settling in the new land. He also discusses the native people –likely the Tuscarora, whom he describes as helpful and interested in trading with settlers – and tells that many people have died either during the voyage or after arriving to the colony.

***

God greet you most beloved souls, father, mother, related friends, and neighbors, always with our thousandfold greetings and obedient service. I wish you at this time to learn of my health, and to know that I must make my writing as short as I can compose it. I hope that you have the letters that I wrote from Holland and England. The most essential contents are that we came the 10th of June to New Castle in England, but the 6th I became a very sad widower.

In New Castle we lay five weeks. The 17th of July went aboard the ship and lay eight days at anchor. After that we sailed, under the all-powerful protection of God, safely to land in Virginia. Also did not lose a person. A young son was born on the sea. His father’s name is Benedict Kupferschmied. He worked a year for our dear brother, Christian Bürki. After that we went about a hundred hours by water and land, yet always guided and fed, and the people everywhere have done us much kindness and there is in this country no innkeeper. All go from one place to another for nothing and consider it an insult if one should wish to ask the price.

Brought here hale and hearty, the shoemaker Moritz did not die till he was on his farm. He was well on the whole journey. No one else of us Siebentaler people has died, but of the others though, three Palatines. Of the people among whom we live, however, a good many have died.

Regarding the land in general. It is almost wholly forest, with indescribably beautiful cedar wood, poplars, oaks, beech, walnut and chestnut trees. But the walnuts are very hard and full of indentations and the chestnuts very small but good. There is sassafras also, and so many other fragrant trees that I cannot describe the hundredth part. Cedar is red like the most beautiful veined cherry and smells better than the finest juniper. They are, commonly, as well as the other trees, fifty to sixty feet below the limbs.

The land in general is almost everywhere black dirt and rich soil, and everyone can get as much as he will. There are five free years. After that one is to give for an acre, which is much greater than a Juchart with us, two pennies. Otherwise it is entirely free, one’s own to use and to leave to his heirs as he wishes. But this place has been entirely uninhabited, for we have not seen any signs nor heard that anything else ever was here except the so-called wild and naked Indians. But they are not wild, for they come to us often and like to get clothes of us. This is done when they pay with wild meat and leather, bacon, beans, corn, which the women plant and the men

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hunt; and when they, as most frequently happens, guide the Christians through the forest and show new ways. They have huts of cedar bark. Some also can speak English well. They have an idol and hold festivals at certain times. But I am sorry to say, of the true God they do not want to know anything.

With regard to the rearing of cattle. It costs almost nothing for the raising, as the booklet printed at Frankfort says, for all stock pastures in the winter as well as in the summer. And I know of nothing to find fault with in the booklet mentioned regarding these two items, although it writes of South Carolina.

They butcher also no young animals, so one can conclude how quickly the number can increase. The cows give scarcely half so much as with you for the calves suck so long; until they are a year and a half old and in turn have young. We buy a cow with a calf for three pounds sterling or twelve thalers, a hog for one pound, with young or fat; a sheep also for as much. They have but few goats, but I have seen some. Squire Michel told me they wished to bring some here to us. Wild and unplanted tree-fruits are not to be found here so good as Kocherthal writes of South Carolina. I have seen no cherries yet. There are many grape-vines and many grapes on them, of which some are good to eat; and it can well be believed, if one had many together (they would do well). We are going to try to plant them for everything grows up very quickly and all fruit is of very good taste, but we do not enjoy them much yet.

We lie along a stream called Neuse. There six years ago the first (people), English, until two years ago (when) the Swiss people (came), began the cultivation. They are, as it seems to me, rather rich in cattle, all sorts of crops, the finest tree-fruit, and that, the whole year (except for) two months. From the nature of things we were behind in that regard, so that we do not have it yet; but we hope, through God’s blessings to get it. We came shortly before Christmas and we have by God’s blessing, Zioria, my son-in-law Peter Reutiger, and I, and others besides, much stronger houses than the English; have also cleared land in addition, and the most have put fences around. It is to be hoped that now from the ground and the cattle we will get enough, through the grace of God who has always stretched out his hand helpfully and has brought us safely and unhindered through so many enemies, spiritual and worldly, and over the great sea. But one thing lies heavy on us which I cannot write without weeping, namely the lack of a true and zealous pastor. For we have indeed cause to complain with Asaph, our sign we see no more, no prophet preaches to us any more, no teacher teaches us any more. We have, indeed, prayers in our houses every Sunday, but the zeal to cleanse away the canker of our old sins is so small that it is to be feared it will consume everything to the foundation, if the pitying God does not come to our help.

If it had pleased the good God to send some of our brethren and sisters or at least Christian Bürki as an instrument, as a physician of body and soul, I should have had good hopes that the light among us would not become an evil smelling lamp, for I do not believe there is a person here, either English, German, or French who would not have loved him heartily; I believe that his profession is especially good here and that he could have an estate according to his wish without doing work in the fields. For of good liquor and such medicine there is the greatest lack in this country, therefore I have a friendly request to make of you, dear brother; namely, as follows. I have married Christina Christeler, a widow of Sannen. I am her third husband. By the

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first she has four children. Two died in London. Her husband and one child upon the sea. But the eldest, a boy of thirteen, named Benedict Plösch, is at Mörigen in the baliwick Nidauw, staying with his deceased father’s clientage. And he was alive four years ago. Her father was named Peter Christeler. Christen Walcker, who, with his wife died here in this country and left eight children, said to her that she has a rather large inheritance from her late father, left with her brother Moritz Christeler, for he has received a hundred pounds of it. When you go to Sannen to ask about it, I hope Heinrich Perret will be able to help you; for they have been nearest neighbors. And if it is as Walcker says you can take it into your hands.

Because my wife understands brewing so well and has done it for years, and the drink is very scarce here and neither money nor brewing pots are to be obtained here, otherwise I would not think of such a thing for you to do. But the pot must have two pipes but no worm; and if some reliable people should not be coming, would Mr. Ritter still be so good as to get it to me here; also four pounds worth of spice, such as ginger, pepper, safron, nutmegs, galangale, cloves, each according to the proportion of the money? For here there is nothing but laurel. I have seen it on trees in the forest. But if there should be nothing to be got from the inheritance, I would most kindly beg you and my father, if he is still alive, to still help me somewhat from my own, for it is very important to me and especially to the women folks, who are very scarce here.

If only more people should wish to come, I advise that they take women with them if they want to have any, for here some of the very best men find no wives, because they are not here.

The journey is easily to be made if one can supply himself properly with old cheese, dried meat, and dried fruit, vinegar, wine, beer, and casks, butter, biscuits, in fine whatever is good to eat and feasible to transport, also a pan or kettle that is narrow at the top and broad below; for when the sea is violent the ship lies over on one side so that things are spilt. Yet I have never heard that a ship has sunk upon the high sea.

Whoever could provide himself with the things named above and should make an agreement with the ship captain that he give him liberty to cook and a good place to lie the voyage would not be hard. For we had young and old people, all are hale and hearty. Whatever one brings here in the way of wares is worth at least as much again. Linen cloth and glass would be especially needed, and is to be purchased very well in Holland.

Peter Röhtiger and my two daughters greet you, for we live beside each other. Dichtli is still with me, and I am delivering the greeting of us all to our dear and faithful pastor, to the whole number of honored persons, especially Godfather Kilchmeyer Dreuthart, and Andreas Aescher, Christen Jantz.

I would have much to write. I must break off. Have patience with my bad writing, for whoever sees my hand and labor will believe that I have not written and studied much. Greet for us Christien Bürki and I should be glad if he could hear the contents of this letter.

I remain your well affectioned servant, and my parents’ obedient son until death.

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Greet for us Anna Drus, item Speismann’s people, and your sister and relatives, also my father’s sister, and first of all the school-master.

Source: Graffenried, Baron Christoph Von. Christoph Von Graffenried’s Account of the Founding of New Bern. Edited by Vincent Hollis Todd and Julius Goebel. Publication of the North Carolina Historical Commission. Raleigh, N.C.: Edwards & Broughton Printing, State Printers, 1920. Published electronically by the North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

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(Primary Source 2)

“Suffer for About the First Six Months After Leaving Home”: John Doyle Writes Home to Ireland, 1818

In the years after the Revolution many immigrants to the United States were political radicals, including John Doyle’s father, who participated in the Irish Republican revolt against Great Britain in 1798 and later emigrated to Philadelphia. Like John Doyle, the author of this letter, many migrants brought craft skills and looked for work in the workshops and manufactories of the new nation. When Doyle crossed the Atlantic in 1818, he quickly learned that small-scale entrepreneurship was more lucrative than sticking with his printing trade. Later immigration swelled as some two million Irish came to the United States between 1820 and 1860. The catastrophic Irish Potato Famine of 1845–49 sent hundreds of thousands (250,000 in 1851 alone) to disembark in cities where they faced economic hardships and ethnic discrimination.

***

We were safely landed in Philadelphia on the 7th of October and I had not so much as would pay my passage in a boat to take me ashore. My distress and confusion for the want of three or four pence was very great, and such was the jealousy and miserableness of the passengers that there was not one who would lend another even that sum. I, however, contrived to get over, and God is my witness that at that moment, I would as soon the ground would open and swallow me up. It was not long till I made out my father, whom I instantly knew, and no one could describe our feelings when I made myself known to him, and received his embraces, after an absence of seventeen years. The old man was quite distracted about me. He done nothing that entire day but bringing me about to his friends. Their manner of receiving me was quite amusing; one would say you are welcome, sir, from the old country; another, you are welcome to this free country; you are welcome to this wooden country; you are welcome to this free country—you are welcome to this land of liberty. Pray sir, are you not happy to have escaped from the tyranny of the old country? When you would deny the tyranny and give the preference to home, they would look amazed and say, “What sir, would you not rather live in a free country than in slavery?” In short they imagine here that we can not act or speak in Ireland but as the authorities please. Their ignorance and presumption are disgusting, their manners worse. As to politeness and good nature, they are totally unknown and though they all pretend to be well acquainted with the affairs of Europe they are utterly ignorant of all transactions there, or at the best know them imperfectly. If my father’s love could do me any good I did not want it, for it amounted to jealousy.

The morning after landing I went to work to the printing and to my great surprise I found that my hand was very little out. There is an immensity of printing done in America, still it is not as good as other businesses, and I think a journeyman printer’s wages might be averaged at 71/2 dollars a week all the year round. In New York it may not be so much as they are often out of work. The bookbinding may be put upon a footing with the printing; they execute their work here remarkably well.

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I worked in Philadelphia for five and one-half weeks and saved 6 [pounds], that is counting four dollars to the pound (in the currency) of the United States the dollar is worth five shillings Irish at all times. They give the name of shillings to one-eighth of a dollar which are common here, but which is only equal to our 7 _ d. This name is what blinds many immigrants to the value of their money here and about the price of dollars and flatters them with the idea of such enormous wages.

I wrote to poor Lewis who gave me the most pressing invitation to come to New York where I now am, and where I every day experience from them some fresh kindness. My father put every obstacle he could in my way to prevent my going to New York but when he found that all he could do would not change my mind and that his entreaties to stay with him were in vain, he parted with me drowned in tears to such a pitch that he was unable to speak and since my arrival here he is every week writing to me to go back.

I found the printing and bookbinding overpowered with hands in New York. I remained idle for twelve days in consequence; when finding there was many out of employment like myself I determined to turn myself to something else, seeing that there was nothing to be got by idleness. The trifle which I had saved was going from me fast. I drove about accordingly and was engaged by a bookseller to hawk maps for him at 7 dollars a week. This I done much to his satisfaction but when the town was well supplied he discharged me and instead of paying me my entire bill he stopped 9 dollars for maps which he said I made him no return for. I had to look for justice but was defeated for want of a person to prove my account. I lost the 9 dollars which I reckon to be 45 shillings. However I got such an insight into the manners and customs of the natives whilst going among them with the maps as served me extremely. I now had about 60 dollars of my own saved, above every expense. These I laid out in the purchase of pictures on New Year’s Day, which I sell ever since. I am doing astonishingly well, thanks be to God and was able on the 16th of this month to make a deposit of 100 dollars in the bank of the United States.

Thus you see, my dearest Fanny, God has at length done something for us; every penny of it is my own hard earnings and I am no convinced that it is only by deserving His blessing that we can hope or expect to merit His favors; apropos, I must inform you that I made a solemn promise to God while at sea that if it was His goodness to spare my life till I get ashore I would make a hearty confession of my sins, which I thank Him for having granted me time and grace to perform, and this I mention, my love, because I know that it will be a source of pleasure to you; though living happy in the midst of my brother’s family whom you know that I always loved and being as yet very successful in dealing in the pictures and indeed I may say in everything I have taken in hand since I came to America, I feel, particularly in the evenings, when I return home, a lonesomeness and lowness of spirits which oppress me almost to fainting.

…

There are poor houses charity schools and even soup houses here which shows that there are a number of destitute poor; of course there is misery in every part of the world, but none of the real actual poverty and distress which is in all parts of Ireland.

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…

One thing I think is certain that if the emigrants knew before hand what they have to suffer for about the first six months after leaving home in every respect they would never come here. However, an enterprising man, desirous of advancing himself in the world will despise everything for coming to this free country, where a man is allowed to thrive and flourish, without having a penny taken out by government; no visits from tax gatherers, constables or soldiers, every one at liberty to act and speak as he likes, provided it does not hurt another, to slander and damn government, abuse public men in their office to their faces, wear your hat in court and smoke a cigar while speaking to the judge as familiarly as if he was a common mechanic, hundreds go unpunished for crimes for which they would be surely hung in Ireland; in fact, they are so tender of life in this country that a person should have a very great interest to get himself hanged for anything!

It is I think an observation of your own that there is no love without jealousy, thus I often think my dearest love that you should not have parted with me with dry eyes or giving me some token of your love, which of our faults was it, my forgetting even to get the little gold heart which hung so long on my neck placed there by your own hands or your neglecting to restore it on that breast from which for its safety it was taken. Oh my dear fanny what would I not now give for that precious little heart which would constantly remind me of my first ardent affection for you, and which you hung on my neck in token of your purest love for me. Thus my dearest jewel my whole life is employed in thinking of you and I suppose I may now say of my little angels, kiss them a thousand times for me, keep my name familiar with Ned. If anything should happen [to] him I could never after do any good.

I can not say any more but for ever and ever your loving husband.
John.
Source: Journal of the American Irish Historical Society 12 (1913), 201–204.

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please respond to the following to peers:

Welcome to Shark Tank

You have a great idea about a new business opportunity. You’ve run the numbers and are confident that with an initial investment of $500,000, you can turn a profit in three years and generate $150,000 in operating income per year. But you realize there are no guarantees. Further, you anticipate that there is at least a 50/50 chance the economy will enter a recession within the next two years.

• What factors will be most important in determining if you want to fund your venture through equity or take a loan for the $500,000?
• If you meet all your projections, will you be happier in five years that you used equity to fund the venture or debt? Why?
• If the company goes bankrupt in five years, would you have a different answer? Why?

1.Carolyn Smith

RE: Week 8 Discussion

COLLAPSE

Dr. Lou and Classmates

What factors will be most important in determining if you want to fund your venture through equity or take a loan for the $500,000?

Financing can come as debt or investment, and the terms of the financing can vary significantly between the two. ‘Important factors to consider when choosing methods of financing a business include the repayment terms, the total cost of capital, and the lender or investor’ (Ingram, 1)

To raise ‘capital for business needs, companies primarily have two types of financing as an option: equity financing and debt financing. Most companies use a combination of debt and equity financing, but there are some distinct advantages to both. Principal among them is that equity financing carries no repayment obligation and provides extra working capital that can grow a business. Debt financing does not require giving up a portion of ownership’ (Website, 2).

The most crucial factor to consider for debt financing is taking on too much debt. ‘Too much debt could affect operating income to cover expenses and the risk of future cash flows to cover the loan payments, economic uncertainty, and using the collateral of current assets to get a loan’ (JWI531, Week 8 Lecture Notes, 3).

If you meet all your projections, will you be happier in five years that you used equity to fund the venture or debt? Why?

I would use both. In five years I will be happy for three major reasons. First, because a stock that swings more than the market over time has a beta above 1.0. (2). Second, the risk-free rate is the return you got on a risk-free investment, such as a treasury bill (somewhere between 1-3%)’(Gallo, 4). Finally, the cost of debt ‘formula is the effective interest rate multiplied by (1 – tax rate). The effective tax rate is the weighted average interest rate of a company’s debt’(1)

If we finance it, 50% debt and 50% Equity

Debt /Equity =1

Equity Beta=(Unlevered Beta)*(1+((1-Tax Rate)(Debt/Equity)) =0.465*(1+(0.65*1))=0.465*1.65=0.767

We=Weight of Equity =0.5, Ce=Cost of Equity =Rf+Beta*(Rm-Rf)=1+0.767*7=6.37%

Wd=Weight of Debt=0.5, Cd=After Tax Cost of Debt =1%*(1-0.35)=0.65%

WACC=We*Ce+Wd*Cd=0.5*6.37% +0.5*0.65% =3.51%

If the company goes bankrupt in five years, would you have a different answer? Why?

Assuming there is a negligible risk of bankruptcy with 50% debt, they recommend it using debt financing. This will reduce the cost of capital.

Carolyn

References:

1. David Ingram: Factors to Consider When Choosing Methods of Financing a Business

2. Website: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042215/what-are-benefits-company-using-equity-financing-vs-debt-financing.asp

3. JWI 531 Week Eight Lecture Notes. Financial Management II

4. Amy Gallo: A Refresher on Cost of Capital

2.Crystal Kendall

RE: Week 8 Discussion

COLLAPSE

Hi Dr. Lou and Classmates,

You have a great idea about a new business opportunity. You’ve run the numbers and are confident that with an initial investment of $500,000, you can turn a profit in three years and generate $150,000 in operating income per year. But you realize there are no guarantees. Further, you anticipate that there is at least a 50/50 chance the economy will enter a recession within the next two years.

What factors will be most important in determining if you want to fund your venture through equity or take a loan for the $500,000?

One important factor when determining if a business venture should be funded through equity or a loan is to look at what is feasible. Personally, I would try not to use long term debt unless it was guaranteed to turn the profit of $150,000. Due to the 50/50 risk of a recession, the risk is too high for me. Equity may be a desired goal, but as Steven Bragg stated in the CFO Guidebook, selling shares in the business may be difficult for a private business when there are other options available for funding (Bragg, 1).

Asset-based financing– Bragg states, “company assets are used as collateral for financing” (Bragg,1). I would use a line of credit. A line of credit would give me a set amount to borrow as cash paid directly to me from the lender charging an annual fee, where the bank would also handle my other accounts to minimize interest (Bragg,1).

According to this week’s lecture, lending that has a higher risk will also come with a higher interest rate due to not using collateral (JWI531, 2):

• Invoice Discounting
• Factoring
• Inventory Financing
• Purchasing Order Financing

If you meet all your projections, will you be happier in five years that you used equity to fund the venture or debt? Why?

I would be happy if my desired projection goal is met. Using a line of credit would give me the ability to use what I need of the loan and be charged interest based on my usage. Selling shares of stock would be a future goal once I build a solid foundation in earnings. I would strive for necessary and minimal debt to decrease the risk of being impacted negatively by the recession.

If the company goes bankrupt in five years, would you have a different answer? Why?

I believe my answer would remain the same. In my opinion, treading lightly in the first five years for minimal debt and larger earnings would help me to build a solid foundation that if a bankruptcy were to occur, the affects would not be too detrimental. Bankruptcy is enough of a blow to the business.

Reference:

1. Bragg, S. M. 2017. The CFO Guidebook: Third Edition. Accounting Tools.
2. JWI 531 Week 8 Lecture Notes. Winter 2021.

Please respond to EACH student with at least 200 words each, at least 1 reference and a biblical viewpoint.

here is the original discussion post. you do NOT need to respond to the original, JUST to my 2 classmates: There can be no denying the impact that technology has had on our modern society. The field of law enforcement is not immune to these changes. Part of the readings for this week focused on the ‘3-I model,’ which includes geographical Information systems (GIS), predictive policing, and social media. Discuss these technologies in detail. Then, explain how these technologies can be applied to a strategic intelligence apparatus. Also, discuss which of these you feel can be the most beneficial to intelligence-led policing. Be sure to defend your answer with scholarly research and remember to integrate a Biblical perspective to your posting.

1. Senicia- The 3i model has referred to the police department’s analytical base to gather data or intelligence by understanding and to analyze the environment. A technology determines interpretation and provides the significance of emerging threats. The 3i model includes geographic information systems, predictive policing, and social media.

The geographical information system is a framework that allows capturing and analyzing spatial and geographic data (Sui & Goodchild, 2011). It is a software or computer based application that will enable users to create self-created searches, edits and store spatial and non-spatial data. On the other hand, the statistical data using adopted software helps police forces achieve guidance for decision-making, which is called predictive policing. It increases traditional practice by applying advanced algorithms (Meijer & Wessels, 2019). Another part of the 3i model is social media that allows individuals to exchange data or create user-generated content on websites. Social media has the capacity of scalability and collective intelligence. It is one of the systems based on modern era technology, which handles and can increase the amount of work and decision-making.

The geographic information system plays an essential role in intelligence-led policing as it helps gather data and manipulate it. It also indicates threats before time as it is considered the best crime-controlling tool (Sui & Goodchild, 2011). Police departments need it, as it is helpful as a police planning tool, testing crime theories, and communication tool. It also supports intelligence-led policing in crime investigation and is an evaluation tool. It works more than any device for strategic intelligence apparatus.

Analyzing predictive policing has both negative and positive effects, such as it helps reduce crime, but it is observed that predictive policing tries to harm the power of information. Geospatial technologies can also help in removing corruption and ensure public safety. On the other hand, social media’s presence can help intelligence-led policing as it lets police communicate and give announcements.

References

Meijer, A., & Wessels, M. (2019). Predictive policing: Review of benefits and drawbacks. . International Journal of Public Administration, 42(12), , 1031-1039.

Sui, D., & Goodchild, M. (2011). The convergence of GIS and social media: challenges for GIScience. . International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(11), , 1737-1748.

2. Sterling- Technology has certainly had a huge impact on the field of law enforcement as well as society in general. Within law enforcement, there are several technology-based factors that have greatly influenced programs and policies including geographical information systems (GIS), predictive policing, and social media. GIS tools capture, store, manipulate, manage, and analyze geospatial data and related information. GIS software is used for several things including plotting and visualizing the locations of unlawful activities, detecting crime patterns, and helping formulate strategies for identifying suspects, deploying officers, and making arrests (DHS, 2013). “As such, GIS is as much associated with police accountability and the geographic allocation of police personnel as it is with understanding crime spots (Ratcliffe, 2016, p.150).” Rather than replacing an agency’s process of collecting and analyzing information, GIS simply enhances the agency’s ability to use the data. GIS allows the user to make queries, analyze spatial information, make corrections, add information, and present maps used as actionable intelligence. Important to this process is the absolute need for good data quality and the need for a complete suite of accurately reported attributes of the crime event or incident (Ratcliffe, 2016, p.150). This allows the analysts to better manage the information by filtering, deleting, or combining data to create significant analyses.

GIS is a key component in predictive policing. “Predictive policing is the use of analytical techniques to identify promising targets for police intervention with the goal of preventing crime, solving past crime, and identifying potential offenders and victims (Perry, McInnis, Price, Smith, & Hollywood, 2013, p.1).” By applying advanced analytics to data sets with various intervention models, law enforcement uses predictive policing to help “predict” what and where criminal activity is likely to happen and allocate or deploy resources as needed. Simply stated, predictive policing uses historical crime data to forecast future crime, particularly in relation to geography. “Using models supported by prior crime and environmental data to inform different kinds of interventions can help reduce the number of crime incidents (NIJ, 2014).”

Over the last decade, social media has had a massive influence on society including law enforcement, and its impact on crime prevention and awareness. “More than 90 percent of U.S. police departments in cities with 10,000 residents or more have a website and more than 80 percent of them use social media (Ratcliffe, 2016, p.152).” Social media offers law enforcement direct ways to engage with the community by sharing critical information and updates while receiving feedback about local concerns. This information sharing has become extremely useful in incidents such as active shooters, traffic hazard notifications, locate missing children, and informing the public about wanted criminals. Social media can also assist first responders in getting critical information such as the location to help persons injured or in danger.

With regard to utilizing technology to develop strategic intelligence, all of these resources are extremely useful. GIS and predictive policing work together to help pinpoint high crime areas and detecting crime patterns. This allows decision-makers to develop strategic intelligence and to allocate resources to these specific locations to target and mitigate criminal activity more effectively. This also helps in other aspects such as in budgeting when these decision-makers must decide exactly what resources are needed and their cost based on these crime spots and other areas of concern. Social media has already proven useful in strategic planning. Agencies are recognizing the importance of social media to collaborate with other agencies and keep the public informed of impending concerns or crime patterns. This allows the community to better prepare themselves when in these areas and inform law enforcement of criminal activity in progress. Social media is also used by law enforcement to plan for events such as flash mobs. Flash mobs generally organize through various media outlets to convene at a predetermined time and location for a specific purpose, many times to commit acts of robbery or shoplifting. By monitoring social media, law enforcement is able to allocate resources to the location in a timely manner and potentially disrupt the criminal activity. Overall, social media seems to be the most beneficial to intelligence-led policing. Nearly everyone has some sort of social media, including criminals. Criminals, who are often not the brightest individuals, many times like to brag about their crimes on social media. Child pornographers and sexual predators use social media to find their next victim. A prime example of law enforcement’s effective use of social media in the recent Capitol Riot. By studying thousands of social media posts, law enforcement officials were able to make hundreds of arrests for vandalism, assault, and other crimes.

From a biblical perspective, technology can certainly help criminals, especially those who like to brag about their crimes and post pictures of them doing so. Proverbs 21:23 (KJV) tells us, “Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from troubles.” Unfortunately for them, many criminals can’t keep their mouths shut and their stupidity comes back to bite them. By using this technology, law enforcement is often led to discovering intelligence that can help them in strategic planning. In like manner, God leads and teaches us in order that we may be prepared in end. Psalms 25:5 (KJV) tells us, “Lead me in thy truth, and teach me: for thou art the God of my salvation; on thee do I wait all the day.”

Reference

Department of Homeland Security. (2013). Geographical Information Systems and Predictive

Policing Application Note. Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/GIS-Predictive-Policing-AppN_0813-508_0.pdf#:~:text=Geographicinformationsystem(GIS)toolsdisplay,store,manage,,whereandwhencrimeswillmostlikelyoccur.

National Institute of Justice. (2014). Overview of Predictive Policing. Retrieved from

https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/overview-predictive-policing.

Perry, W., McInnis, B., Price, C., Smith, S., and Hollywood, J. (2013). Predictive Policing: The

Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2013. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR233.html.

Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Intelligence-Led Policing. 2^nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor, &

Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-315-71757-9.

subject: operations security(ISOL-631-M20)

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