Public Administration PPA601 Discussion 6 Characteristics of the Modern Bureaucracy, business and finance homework help Business Finance Assignment Help

It is an article of faith that democracies represent the will of the populace, and therefore must be cognizant of public opinion. But this was not always the case. Before the Enlightenment (18th century) sovereigns believed that they ruled by divine will, not popular will. The signing of Magna Carta in 1215 had confirmed the principle that royalty were subject to some constraint (the opinion of other landed aristocrats). However, the next step, the idea that nations must operate according to a social contract between the governed and the government, would take another 500 years to take hold.

Attending theaters, living in urban areas, going to coffee houses, and reading newspapers all helped to give people the sense that they were part of “a public.” Wealth and education provided the public with more opportunity to congregate and more ideas to talk about. As Europe gained a middle class who participated in discussion of current affairs, governments began to listen to them more. At first this involved domestic affairs, then foreign affairs. The article below goes into more detail about the way public opinion emerged and became one of the cornerstones of modernity.

Read the information in the following article:

Speier, H. (1950).Historical Development of Public Opinion,American Journal of Sociology, 55, 4. 376-388
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2772299?&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Answer the following questions:

1. How does Speier define public opinion?
2. Until the French Revolution writers feared that the public at large were unreliable due to superstition, prejudice, and excess passion. Who did earlier writers believe was likely to hold reasonable opinions?
3. What does Speier mean when he says that “Public opinion is a phenomenon of middle-class civilization”?
4. What new ways to circulate information helped the new middle class learn about current affairs?

SLP Assignment Expectations

In Module 3 SLP, you are expected to:

• Answer the questions clearly, using full sentences with correct grammar and spelling.
• Write one or two paragraphs on each question.

World War II was fatal to the European colonial empires. European states’ populations were too devastated to consider fighting to keep Asia and Africa subjugated. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were hostile to continuation of European colonies. A reluctant Britain, in return for American support, in 1941 agreed to the Atlantic Charter, a pact recognizing the right of people to choose their own government.

The Indian National Congress agreed to support the British war effort in return for a significant share of power in India and a postwar commitment to independence. The British rejected the offer. Negotiations failed to lessen increasing tensions. Mass civil disobedience campaigns, such as the Quit India movement, began during 1942. Gandhi and other leaders were imprisoned. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, gained favor by supporting the British. The war caused hardship in India through inflation and famine. When a Labour government came to power in Britain in 1945, independence in the near future was conceded. The divided Indians were unable to work out a compromise between Hindu desires for one nation under majority rule and Muslim wishes for a separate state. When communal rioting spread, the British agreed to the creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947.

Read the information in the background material, look for more information and then write a 3- to 5-page paper answering the following questions:

• Describe how decolonization occurred in India.
• Describe what happened at Partition and how this represented a breakdown in governability.

• Describe the purpose of the paper and conclusion.
• Answer the Case Assignment questions clearly and provide necessary details.
• Provide a quality argument; that is, use good sentence structure, and avoid run-on sentences and spelling and grammar errors.
• Provide citations to support your argument and references on a separate page. Please use APA format to provide citations and references: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ ; also, helpful information can be found in the Student Guide to Writing a High-Quality Academic Paper:http://support.trident.edu/files/Well-Written-Paper.pdf].
• Answer all the Case Assignment questions in an essay format instead of point format. Please do not type questions in the paper.
• Double space the paper.

background material if needed:

Dalrymple, W. (2015). The Great Divide: The violent legacy of Indian Partition. The New Yorker:http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/29/the-great-divide-books-dalrymple

Documentary: The Day India Burned: http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-day-india-burned-partition/

University of California, Los Angeles. Independent India.http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/indep.html

Speier, H. (1950). Historical Development of Public Opinion, American Journal of Sociology, 55, 4. 376–388 

due after 8 hours

Using the Listening Self-Evaluation Worksheet on page 54, undertake a candid evaluation of your major strengths and weaknesses as a listener. Explain what steps you need to take to become a better listener.

page no.  is 54 below
How to Become a Better Listener
TAKE LISTENING SERIOUSLY

The first step toward becoming a better listener is to accord listening the seriousness it deserves. Good listeners are not born that way. They have worked at learning how to listen effectively. Good listening does not go hand in hand with intelligence, education, or social standing. Like any other skill, it comes from practice and self-discipline. Check your current skills as a listener by completing the Listening Self-Evaluation Worksheet on page 54.10 Once you have identified your shortcomings as a listener, make a serious effort to overcome them.
BE AN ACTIVE LISTENER

So many aspects of modern life encourage us to listen passively. We listen to our iPods while studying. Parents listen to their children while fixing dinner. Television reporters listen to a politician’s speech while walking around the auditorium looking for their next interview.
active listening
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view.

This type of passive listening is a habit—but so is active listening. Active listeners give their undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand his or her point of view. In conversation, they do not interrupt the speaker or finish his or her sentences. When listening to a speech, they do not allow themselves to be distracted by internal or external interference, and they do not prejudge the speaker. They take listening seriously and do the best they can to stay focused on the speaker and his or her message.

There are a number of steps you can take to improve your skills of active listening. They include resisting distractions, not allowing yourself to be diverted by a speaker’s appearance or delivery, suspending judgment until you have heard the speaker out, focusing your listening, and developing note-taking skills. We’ll discuss each of these in turn.

I am looking for three to four paragraphs for each question.

What attributes of Western Civilization can be traced back to the cultures and societies discussed in Chapter 1?

The Greek polis was a dramatic break from the past. Explain this by discussing what the polis was and what its major political and cultural achievements were.  Was the polis,in your view, a failure or a success?

The Hellenistic civilization witnessed the spread of cities founded by Alexander and his successors.  What was the role and impact of these new cities?

What geographical, political, military and economic factors contributed to Rome’s rise to greatness?  Was this rise an inevitable process, or did the Romans exhibit imagination and inventiveness?

the course uses book:The Western Heritage, Vol. 1, 11^th Edition, Kagan, Ozment, and I don’t have access to it online