I’m working on a history question and need a reference to help me learn.

reading note

The first written constitution of the United States was the Articles of Confederation, drafted by Congress in 1777 CE, and ratified by the states four years later. The Articles sought to balance the need for national coordination of the War of Independence with widespread fear that centralized political power posed a danger to liberty. The Articles explicitly declared the new national government to be a “perpetual union.” However, the printed words resembled less a blueprint for a common government than a treaty for mutual defense. In the Articles’ own words, the main aim was a “firm league of friendship” among the states. Under the Articles, the thirteen states retained their individual “sovereignty, freedom, and independence.” The national government consisted of a one-house Congress, in which each state, no matter how large or populous, cast a single vote. There was no President to enforce the laws and no judiciary to interpret them. Major decisions required the approval of nine states rather than a simple majority.

The only powers specifically granted to the national government by the Articles of Confederation were those essential to the struggle for independence: declaring war, conducting foreign affairs, and making treaties with other governments. Congress had no real financial resources. They could coin money but lacked the power to levy taxes or regulate commerce. The “governments” revenue came mainly from contributions by the individual states. To amend the Articles required the unanimous consent of the states, a formidable obstacle to change. Various amendments to strengthen the national government were proposed during the seven years (1781–1788 CE) when the Articles of Confederation were in effect, but none received the approval of all the states.

The Articles made energetic national government impossible. However, Congress in the 1780s did not lack for accomplishments. The most important was establishing national control over land to the west of the thirteen states and devising rules for the land’s settlement. Disputes over access to western land almost prevented ratification of the Articles in the first place. Citing their original royal charters, which granted territory running all the way to the “South Sea” (the Pacific Ocean), states like Virginia, the Carolinas, and Connecticut claimed immense tracts of western land. Land speculators, politicians, and prospective settlers from states with clearly defined boundaries insisted that such land must belong to the nation at large. Only after the land-rich states, in the interest of national unity, ceded their western claims to the central government did the Articles win ratification.

Whatever the achievements of the Confederation government, in the eyes of many influential Americans they were outweighed by its failings. Both the national government and the country at large faced worsening economic problems. With Congress unable to act, the states adopted their own economic policies. Several imposed tariff duties on goods imported from abroad. Indebted farmers, threatened with the loss of land because of failure to meet tax or mortgage payments, pressed state governments for relief, as did urban craftsmen who owed money to local merchants. In order to increase the amount of currency in circulation and make things easier for individuals to pay their debts, several states printed large sums of paper money. Others enacted laws postponing debt collection. Creditors considered such measures attacks on their property rights. In a number of states, legislative elections produced boisterous campaigns in which candidates for office denounced creditors for oppressing the poor and importers of luxury goods for undermining republican virtue.

Based on the set readings for the week, please answer the following question:

– To what extent are democracies less likely to engage in international conflict?

Please keep your answers to approximately 500 words, and please make sure to engage with at least two of the readings.

I will be taking the following into consideration when grading you:

• A clear and concise argument
• Use of liberal theories of IR to back up your argument
• Use of quotations to back up your key points
• 2+ sources (use the ones posted to Canvas)
• In-text citations and a bibliography at the end
• Critical thinking through evaluation and critique of key concepts

Directions:

The requirements for the second project of this course ask that you think about the perspectives of a specific community and then produce a persuasive text. As such, for Project Two you will be writing a persuasive letter on behalf of a community you belong to.

To get you started on this, I’d first like you to think about community—what does this word mean, and what communities do you belong to? We usually define community as a group of individuals with common interests or beliefs and/or collective goals.Communities can form based on shared identities, like race, culture, religion, or can be established based on a common set of interests—you can belong to the gaming community, for instance, or the Left–Handers Club (a real club in high schools—they petition for left–handed scissors, etc.).

For Project Two, you will have to make an argument on behalf of your community, whatever it may be, so the first step is identifying a community to which you feel you belong. For this homework assignment, I’d like you to do some reflective work, thinking about your various identities and interests, in order to identify the community you’d like to argue on behalf of for this project. In 2–3 paragraphs, I’d like you to reflect on the following questions:

•What are some of the ways that you identify? For this, you could think generally about your race, your religion, your culture, etc. or any other set of practices, belief systems, or interests that you think play a role in how you navigate the world around you.

•Pick one of these identities that you’d like to focus on for this project and describe the community you are part of as a result of this identity. What are some of the characteristics of this community?What are some of the things that unify it?

•How do you feel that you relate to or fit into this community?

•And finally, what are some of the issues or challenges that this community faces? What are some arguments you might want to make on behalf of this community in your letter?

If you can, please write this based off a catholic religion culture. Please let me know if their any issues with this.

Chapter 10 Assignment: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Assessment

Text Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Introduction

Abraham Maslow suggested that our behaviors and motivations can be explained by our status of needs – if we are lacking in certain areas, we will consciously and unconsciously focus our energies into satisfying those needs. Every now and then, it is good practice to take an inventory of your own “hierarchy” and ensure that you are engaging in activities that meet your needs and encourage overall health and well-being.

For this assignment, you will be completing a self-assessment of your current needs – are things that you are neglecting? Are there aspects of your life that are being fulfilled? This will only be reviewed by you and your professor so feel free to be honest and open about where you are at right now. This could be an opportunity to make some positive changes if you find that you need a little assistance or boost in any area.

Assignment

To successfully complete the assessment, address the following:

AND DON’T FORGET TO CITE YOUR SOURCES. YOU SHOULD AT THE VERY LEAST BE USING OUR TEXTBOOK:

Spielman, R. M., Dumper, K., Jenkins, W., Lacombe, A., Lovett, M., & Perlmutter, M. (2017). Psychology. Houston, TX: OpenStax.

1. You will use the Hierarchy of Needs Self-Assessment Log.
2. Simply open the file, evaluate each of the hierarchy categories and document the needs being or not being met.
   • Really try and take a moment to consider all the needs within the category; for example, you may be in a small argument with your friend, but not realizing how much it is impacting you until you stop and think about it.
3. Then consider the different action steps you can take to remedy and meet your needs and document the steps you can take within your control.
4. Save the file.
   • Be sure to rename it something you’ll recognize and save it in a location you’ll easily be able to access.
5. Upload the file to this assignment page.

Module Learning Outcome: Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (A1; B1; C2)

Rubric

Assignment Rubric (30)

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